TELECOM SOFTWARE

  Narrowband IoT LTE Vs 5G                                                           Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a low-power wide-area (LPWA) cellular technology optimized for connecting resource-constrained devices to the Internet of Things (IoT). It operates on licensed cellular networks, offering: Extended range: Signals can penetrate deep into buildings and basements, enabling wider coverage compared to other short-range options like Bluetooth. Low power consumption: Designed for battery-powered devices, NB-IoT devices can operate for years on a single charge. Scalability: Supports massive deployments of millions of devices efficiently. Security: Leverages the security features of cellular networks for reliable and secure communication. Uses and Use Cases: Smart metering: Enables remote monitoring of electricity...

  LTE and 5G and Frequencies details:- LTE Bands and Frequencies LTE (Long-Term Evolution) bands are defined by the 3GPP standard and cover a range of frequencies used globally. Here are some commonly used LTE bands and their corresponding frequencies: Band 1: 2100 MHz (1920 – 1980 MHz uplink, 2110 – 2170 MHz downlink) Band 2: 1900 MHz (1850 – 1910 MHz uplink, 1930 – 1990 MHz downlink) Band 3: 1800 MHz (1710 – 1785 MHz uplink, 1805 – 1880 MHz downlink) Band 4: AWS-1 (1700/2100 MHz, 1710 – 1755 MHz uplink, 2110 – 2155 MHz downlink) Band 5: 850 MHz (824 – 849 MHz uplink, 869 – 894 MHz downlink) Band 7: 2600 MHz (2500 – 2570 MHz uplink, 2620 – 2690 MHz downlink) Band 8: 900 MHz (880 – 915 MHz uplink, 925 – 960 MHz downlink) Band 12: 700 MHz (699 – 716 MHz uplink, 729 – 746 MHz downlink) Band 13: 700 MHz (777 – 787 MHz uplink, 746 – 756 MHz downlink) Band 20: 800 MHz (832 – 862 MHz uplink, 791 – 821 MHz downlink) Band 28: 700 MHz (703 – 748 MHz uplink, 758 – 803 MHz downlin...

  OFDMA in LTE: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, is a key technology used in LTE to enable efficient digital data transmission. By splitting a signal into multiple carrier frequencies (subcarriers), OFDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on different subcarriers within the same OFDM symbol. -Key Characteristics of an OFDMA System in LTE: 1️⃣ LTE Radio Frame Duration= 10 ms 2️⃣ Sub-frame Duration= 1 ms 3️⃣ Time Slot Duration= 0.5 ms 4️⃣ Symbol Duration= 0.5 ms / 7 or 0.5 ms / 6 5️⃣ Symbol Count= 7 in normal CP, 6 in extended CP 6️⃣ Subcarrier Bandwidth= 15 KHz 7️⃣ Subcarrier Count in One PRB= 12 -An LTE Radio Frame consists of: 👉🏾 10 Subframes 👉🏾20 Time Slots 👉🏾140 Symbols -Physical Resource Block (PRB), A PRB consists of: 👉🏾12 subcarriers 👉🏾7 symbols in normal CP 👉🏾Resource elements and lasts for one 0.5 ms time slot -PRBs can be visualized as boxes where user data, signals, and control data are allocated. The number of PRBs and subcarriers...

  📌 Physical Cell Identity conflicts in 5G. 📍Physical Cell Identity (PCI) In 5G, each cell is assigned a unique Physical Cell Identity (PCI) identifier. The PCI is used by mobile devices to differentiate between different cells in the network. It's essential for tasks like cell selection, handover, and measurement reporting. In 5G NR, the PCI range is from 0 to 1007, providing a total of 1008 unique PCIs. 📍 PCI Conflicts A PCI conflict occurs when two or more nearby cells are assigned the same PCI. This can cause confusion for the mobile device as it can't differentiate between the cells based on the PCI. This can lead to issues with handovers, measurements, and overall network performance. For example, if two cells with the same PCI are in close proximity, a mobile device might continually try to switch (handover) between them, leading to a poor user experience. 📍 Avoiding and Resolving PCI Conflicts Proper PCI planning is crucial to avoid PCI conflicts. T...