TELECOM SOFTWARE

  Reasons of low throughput (4G) Low throughput in LTE networks can be attributed to various factors, both within the network and at the user equipment (UE) level. Here are some common reasons for low throughput in network: 1.       Poor Signal Strength: Weak signal strength) can significantly impact throughput. This can occur due to distance from the cell tower or obstacles like buildings or terrain etc. 2.       Interference: Interference from neighboring cells, adjacent frequency bands, or other radio sources can degrade signal quality and reduce throughput. Too large overlapping coverage area leads to high RSSI and creates pilot pollution. There are sometimes external interference issues too. 3.       Improper Network Settings – Improper setting of key parameters such as modulation (higher modulation not enabled), antenna configuration, transmission mode, bandwidth etc. can lead to low throughput. 4.       Hardware/Software issue – Malfunctioning at hardware such as radio, baseband

  𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐡𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐀𝐍  - ran is Radio Access Network - it refer to the part from the mobile network thats responsible to transferring traffic to aggregation and core netw - RAN support variety of mobile generations like GSM , WCDMA , LTE and 5G - RAN has alot of types due to network moderanization like virtual ran and open ran - backhauling means transfer the user traffic from ran through microwave links as an example towards core - so we can consider microwave links installed and connected towards BSC , RNC , SGW MME is part of the backhaul network - legacy TDM network was the traditional way to backhaul the traffic - TDM works wuth PDH / SDH Transmission protocols - usually 2G use pdh traffic and 3G use ATM over E1 ( pdh too ) - 4G & 5G use Ether Traffic over IP - some countries shutdown GSM network and some others shutdown 3G , some countries use volte to transmit voice over 4G network - currently we are focusing on full ip moderanization for site - full ip means trans

  CSPS (Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched) core mobile networks. CSPS Core Mobile Networks: An Overview CSPS core mobile networks play a crucial role in providing voice and data services to mobile subscribers. These networks combine both circuit-switched (CS) and packet-switched (PS) technologies to handle voice calls, SMS, and data traffic. Here are some key points about CSPS core networks: Circuit-Switched (CS) Domain: The CS domain handles voice calls and SMS (Short Message Service). It relies on traditional circuit-switching technology, where a dedicated path is established for each call. CS services include voice calls, call forwarding, call waiting, and SMS. Packet-Switched (PS) Domain: The PS domain handles data traffic, including internet browsing, video streaming, and app communication. It uses packet-switching technology, where data is broken into packets and transmitted over the network. PS services include internet access, multimedia messaging (MMS), and mobile data. Integra

  🔴Using frequency Band 700 MHz, BW= 20 MHz with: LTE, 5G and theoretical possibilities of 6G: 🔴Using frequency Band 700 MHz, BW= 20 MHz with: LTE, 5G and theoretical possibilities of 6G: Example Scenario (Not Real-Life Deployment): ➡LTE: Using 700 MHz frequency & BW= 20 MHz: - Equation: Data Rate = Bits per symbol × Symbol rate × Bandwidth - Bits per symbol: 6 (using 64-QAM) - Symbol rate: 15,000 symbols/sec/MHz - Bandwidth: 20 MHz Calculation: -Data Rate = 6 *15,000 *20 = 180 Mbps  With MIMO: - 2x2 MIMO: 180 *2 = 360 Mbps - 4x4 MIMO: 180 *4 = 720 Mbps -Coverage: Up to 10-15 km in rural areas. -Users per Cell: 100-200 (rural), 400-600 (urban). ➡ 5G: Using 700 MHz frequency & BW= 20 MHz: - Equation: Data Rate = Bits per symbol × Symbol rate × Bandwidth - Bits per symbol: 8 (using 256-QAM) - Symbol rate: 15,000 symbols/sec/MHz - Bandwidth: 20 MHz Calculation: -Data Rate= 8 *15,000 *20 = 240 Mbps  With Massive MIMO: - 8x8 MIMO: 240 *8 = 1,920 Mbps - 64x64 MIMO: 240 *64 = 15,360