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𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐎𝐒𝐍𝐑

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𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐎𝐒𝐍𝐑 ? & 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝? OSNR Margin (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Margin) is a critical parameter in optical communication systems that measures the difference between the actual OSNR and the minimum OSNR required for error free signal detection (typically defined by a bit error rate threshold). It provides insight into how much "headroom" or tolerance a system has before it fails to maintain acceptable performance. 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝=> OSNR Margin=Actual OSNR−Required OSNR 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆: Indicates the system's robustness against impairments like noise, dispersion, and nonlinear effects. Higher OSNR Margin means the system is more resilient to degradation over time or due to network changes. 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑨𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑶𝑺𝑵𝑹 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏=> Fiber length and quality: Longer distances or low-quality fibers increase attenuation and amplify noise. Amplifiers: (EDFAs) and Raman amplifi...
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 cyclic prefix in LTE




A cyclic prefix is a part of a symbol that is copied and added to the end of the symbol to prevent interference and improve synchronization.

A cyclic prefix is used in LTE because it is a technology that uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) to transmit data over multiple subcarriers.

A cyclic prefix in LTE has two types: normal and extended. The normal cyclic prefix is shorter and more efficient, but the extended cyclic prefix is longer and more robust. The extended cyclic prefix is used in scenarios where there is high delay spread or high mobility, such as in rural areas or high-speed trains. The length of the cyclic prefix depends on the subcarrier spacing and the sampling frequency.

For example, if the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz and the sampling frequency is 30.72 MHz, then the normal cyclic prefix is 4.7 microseconds and the extended cyclic prefix is 16.7 microseconds. The normal cyclic prefix has 7 symbols per slot and the extended cyclic prefix has 6 symbols per slot. A slot is the smallest unit of time in LTE, which is 0.5 milliseconds.

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